Grades : 3 - 5

Essential Academic Learning Requirements:

Reading:                   1. The student understands and uses different skills and strategies to read.

1.2 build vocabulary through reading

Communication:     1. The student uses listening and observation skills to gain understanding.

1.1 focus attention

1.2 listen and observe to gain and interpret information

1.3 check for understanding by asking questions and paraphrasing

Science:                    2. The student knows and applies the skill and processes of science and technology.

2.1 develop abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry

2.2 apply science knowledge and skills to solve problems or meet challenges

Arts:                           1. The student acquires the knowledge and skills necessary to create, to perform, and to respond effectively to the arts.

1.3 use and develop arts skills and techniques to solve problems and express ideas

1.4 use skills of craftmanship to produce quality work

4. The student understands how the arts connect to other subject areas, life, and work.

4. 1 use arts skills and knowledge in other subject areas

4.2 apply ideas and skills developed in the arts to daily life

 VOCABULARY:           

absorption: the ability to take up liquids
antique finish: paper surface - natural or rough finish
basis weight: using weight to describe thickness
bond paper: writing grade
book paper: general term for coated and un-coated papers
brightness: a measurement for reflected brilliance of papers
bulk: thickness
calender rolls: a stack of cast rolls used to increase smoothness of paper
caliper: thickness measured in thousandths
cast coated: dried under pressure against a polished drum to produce high gloss
coated paper: a coating applied to base stock for smoothness
cover paper: heavy papers used for outside covers
dandy roll: a cylinder on the paper machine that makes watermarks and textures
deckle: width of wet sheet as it comes off the wire of the paper machine
deckle edge: untrimmed feathery edge
dimensional stability: ability to maintain size with changes in humidity
duplex paper: different color of finish on each side
embossed finish: paper with raised or depressed surface
enamel: coated paper
English finish: smoother finish on book paper
felt side: as opposed to wire side, smoother of the two
free sheet: without mechanical wood pulp
grain: direction in which most fibers lay
groundwood pulp: mechanically prepared wood pulp
laid paper: pattern with parallel lines
ledger paper: writing grade usually heavier than bond
machine coated: paper coated on a paper machine
matte finish: dull finish
newsprint: groundwood pulp stock
opacity: minimize show through
plate finish: smooth, hard finish
porosity: allows permeation of air
ream: 500 sheets of paper
sizing: treatment to prevent penetration of liquids
substance: weight in pounds of a ream in basic size
sulphate pulp: cooked in caustic soda and sodium sulphide
sulphite pulp: cooked in bisulphite of lime
supercalender: series of rolls to produce high finish
vellum finish: toothy finish
watermark: desired design imposed by raised pattern on dandy roll
web: roll of paper as opposed to sheets
wire side: side of sheet next to the wire in manufacture
wove paper: finish - soft smooth

BASICS OF MAKING PAPER

I.    Pulping - Fiber Source

1.   Mechanical - Groundwood Pulp

a.  Log against grindstone

b.  No waste, whole log used

c.  Contains impurities, discolor and weakening

2.   Chemical - pressure cooker with liquor cooking at 280° F to remove lignin, resins, and gums (cellulose fiber) using sulfate - caustic soda and sodium sulfide

a.  Stronger fiber

b.  Permanence

 II.    Bleaching (3 - 7 stages) to determine whiteness

 III.   Beating to make fiber bind

1.   Sizing added to fiber

a.  Rosin - pen, ink, and offset

b.  Clay - smoothness, opacity

c.  Titanium dioxide - brightness and opacity